Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA and TopLIVE
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21 2025.05.13 00:35
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I asked this issue to Gemini, Google AI.
What is the relationship between Staphylococcus aureus and atopic dermatitis ?
Staphylococcus aureus has a very close relationship with atopic dermatitis (AD). The main points are as follows:
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High Colonization Rate: S. aureus is found at a much higher rate (up to 90% or more) on the skin of AD patients, especially in lesional areas, compared to the skin of healthy individuals. This is closely related to the impaired skin barrier function characteristic of AD. A damaged skin barrier provides an environment where bacteria can easily adhere and proliferate.
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Exacerbation of Inflammation: S. aureus secretes various toxins (e.g., alpha-toxin, delta-toxin) and enzymes (e.g., proteases) that directly damage skin cells and trigger or worsen inflammatory responses.
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Role of Superantigens: Some strains of S. aureus produce toxins called superantigens. These superantigens abnormally overactivate immune cells (T cells), leading to severe inflammatory and allergic reactions. This is considered one of the major causes for the acute worsening of AD symptoms.
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Modulation of Immune Response: S. aureus tends to enhance the Th2 immune response, which is predominant in AD, while suppressing the Th1 immune response needed to effectively fight bacterial infections. This contributes to chronic inflammation and weakens the skin's defense capabilities.
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Itch-Scratch Cycle: The presence of S. aureus and the resulting inflammation cause severe itching (pruritus). When patients scratch the itchy areas, the skin barrier is further damaged. This, in turn, facilitates the penetration and proliferation of S. aureus, creating a vicious cycle that worsens symptoms.
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Secondary Infections: When S. aureus infects the already damaged atopic skin, it can cause secondary bacterial infections such as impetigo and folliculitis.
In conclusion, S. aureus is not just an opportunistic colonizer on atopic skin; it is an important factor directly involved in the development and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, reducing the bacterial load of S. aureus on the skin and managing infections are considered essential parts of symptom control in AD treatment (e.g., using antibiotic ointments, antiseptic bath therapy).
here are the key scientific references previously provided that support the information on the relationship between Staphylococcus aureus and atopic dermatitis. Research in this field is extensive, and while there are many papers, these are representative studies that cover core concepts or report important findings.
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A comprehensive review on the complex relationship and pathogenetic role of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis:
- Title: Staphylococcus aureus and Atopic Dermatitis: A Complex and Evolving Relationship
- Authors: Geoghegan, J. A., Irvine, A. D., & Foster, T. J.
- Journal: Trends in Microbiology
- Year: 2018
- DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.11.008
- Key Content: This paper comprehensively reviews how Staphylococcus aureus contributes to the development and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis, including associated toxins, interactions with the skin barrier, and immune responses.
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Changes in the skin microbiome during atopic dermatitis flares (increase in Staphylococcus aureus):
- Title: Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis
- Authors: Kong, H. H., Oh, J., Deming, C., Conlan, S., Grice, E. A., Beatson, M. A., ... & Segre, J. A. (Research team from the National Institutes of Health, USA)
- Journal: Genome Research
- Year: 2012
- DOI: 10.1101/gr.131029.111
- Key Content: This is an important study that identified temporal changes in the skin microbial community, showing a significant increase in Staphylococcus aureus on the skin when atopic dermatitis symptoms worsen and a decrease after treatment.
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Mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus δ-toxin inducing allergic skin disease:
- Title: Staphylococcus δ-toxin induces allergic skin disease by activating mast cells
- Authors: Nakamura, Y., Oscherwitz, J., Cease, K. B., Chan, S. M., Muñoz-Planillo, R., Hasegawa, M., ... & Gallo, R. L.
- Journal: Nature
- Year: 2013
- DOI: 10.1038/nature12655
- Key Content: This paper elucidated the specific mechanism by which delta-toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus directly activates mast cells, thereby inducing allergic skin inflammation and itching.
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Inhibitory effect of antimicrobials from skin commensal bacteria against Staphylococcus aureus and their deficiency in atopic dermatitis:
- Title: Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis
- Authors: Nakatsuji, T., Chen, T. H., Narala, S., Chun, K. A., Two, A. M., Yun, T., ... & Gallo, R. L.
- Journal: Science Translational Medicine
- Year: 2017
- DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4680
- Key Content: This study showed that certain commensal bacteria present on healthy skin (e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis) produce antimicrobial substances that inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, and that these beneficial bacteria and antimicrobial substances are deficient in patients with atopic dermatitis, suggesting the potential for microbiome-based therapies.
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A comprehensive and recent review on atopic dermatitis (including the role of Staphylococcus aureus):
- Title: Atopic dermatitis
- Authors: Langan, S. M., Irvine, A. D., & Weidinger, S.
- Journal: The Lancet
- Year: 2020
- DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31286-1
- Key Content: This is an authoritative review paper covering the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and overall treatment of atopic dermatitis, which also significantly discusses the importance of Staphylococcus aureus.
You can find the abstracts of the papers listed above by searching their DOIs on PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) or the respective journal websites. Access to the full text may depend on your institutional subscriptions. There are many other important studies in this field, so further searches based on your specific topics of interest are also recommended.
Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA and TopLIVE
TopLIVE shows the excellent antimicrobial test results against the most of bacterias and viruses specially including Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA(Metaciline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), above 99.9%.
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